Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Case Study Example Heartburn is a common symptom for GERD. Other symptoms may occur less frequently though indicative of GERD including: acid regurgitation, excess saliva, chronic sore throat, chest pain, gum inflammation, chronic sore throat and chest pain. Harsh stomach acids can damage the esophageal lining. Reflux risk factors include alcohol use, pregnancy, obesity and smoking. Reflux and heartburn are worsened by pregnancy. Asthmatic people have higher risks of developing GERD. Flare-ups of asthma cause the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax, therefore allowing the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. Asthma medications worsen reflux symptoms (Joel & Ritcher, 2014). Acid reflux may also make the symptoms of asthma worsen through irritating the lungs and the airways, leading to more serious asthma. However, the following is a patient education plan that focuses on conservation measures in treating GERD. Decreasing the portion size at mealtime may be helpful in controlling symptoms. Taking meals 2-3 hours prior to bedtime may aid in lessening reflux through decreasing stomach acid and emptying it partially. Additionally, being overweight is often associated with worse symptoms of GERD. Overweight patients should find relief in losing some of their weight (Gary, 2008). Moderate exercise is considered to improve GERD symptoms, but vigorous exercises may worsen the symptoms. Moreover, when sleeping, the patient is advised to elevate the head of the bed at least 6-8 inches, or to sleep on a wedge-shaped bed that is specially designed. This reduces heartburn by allowing gravity minimize stomach contents reflux into the esophagus. It is advisable that the patient does not use a pillow to prop him/her up; this only adds pressure on the stomach, worsening the situation. Cigarette smoking and taking and alcohol usually weakens the LES. Symptoms of GERD may be reduced by halting smoking and stopping alcohol taking behavior. Along with diet and lifestyle

Science and religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Science and religion - Essay Example In this book, Allison perfects the art of fiction in her creative writing. She uses an innovative and exact language gauge. The book highlights just how tough and demeaning a woman’s life can become within a short period of eight years. She tells the story from the perspective of women, although she barely gains credibility from the adult world. The book attempts to provide a complicated history of an impoverished southern family while presiding over her distinctions between the dreams of life and its nightmares. She is overwhelmed by the weakness of her barren surrounding that contains thieves, drunks, and crazies. Her story elaborates the rich history of her people; it shows how severe human conditions can be especially on the part of young women caught up in the barrenness of the society. Anny’s father is sexually abusive, and readers cannot escape to capture the sad chapter of her life. Anney meets Glen while working as a waiter she later marries him. Glen is a young man who genuinely hates his father. Anney loses the child she was bearing and is unable to bear any more children; glen starts to beat his stepdaughter to take out his frustrations. From a spiritual perspective, the story wobbles between evil and good, reality and daydream, and life and death. Anney is attracted to religious promises given by the local revivalists. She however feels the broad spiritual loneliness that come along with her death wishes. Her predicaments test her well beyond her level of endurance and her eight-year-old child. She experiences continuous vulnerability due to the gruesome life she experiences. Her life is full of sick and murderous bloodsuckers that hold her life at ransom. The strength of her spirituality is no match for the inhumanness she experiences in the hands of individuals who pretend to love her. Apart from Bone’s spiritual experience, which proves too difficult to silence, Bastard out of Carolina presents an expert’s

The case of Webster v Doe Essay Example for Free

The case of Webster v Doe Essay The case of Webster v Doe deals with a case that ruled upon the balance between national security and the individual rights of an employee. It also rules on the issue of unlawful termination as a result of sexual discrimination. FACTS: Under the National Security Act of 1947, the Director of the CIA is empowered to terminate the employment of any employee of the CIA. The law provides that when the Director, in his discretion, perceives that an employee may pose a threat to the security interests of the United States he may unilaterally terminate the service of the former. In the case at hand, a former CIA employee was fired after he had openly admitted to another CIA employee that he was a homosexual. This termination was despite the fact that such CIA employee had received excellent and outstanding employee performance ratings. In justifying the termination, the CIA Director stated that the homosexuality of the former employee was deemed sufficient threat to the security interests of the United States. The dismissed employee soon filed suit alleging that the termination constituted a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act as well as his Constitutional Right to Property, Liberty and Privacy. The CIA Director, on the other hand, cites that decisions made under the provisions of Section 102 of the NSA grant him such power. ISSUES: 1. ) Do the provisions of the APA supersede the provisions of NSA with regard to the termination of employees? 2. ) Is the act of terminating the employment of a government employee based on sexual preferences in violation of the United States Constitution, particularly the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Amendments? HELD: The Supreme Court ruled that the NSA law precludes any form of judicial review for acts that are not repugnant to the protection of a person’s Constitutional Rights. In an effort to uphold the law and the purpose for which it was enacted, Protection of National Security, care must be taken in construing the grant of power that is provided. The CIA Director is granted considerable discretion in terminating the employment of individuals. As far as the laws on procedure are concerned, the CIA Director is allowed, by law, to terminate the services of anyone deemed to be a threat to the security interests without complying with the requisites of the APA law. Matters of procedure, according to the Supreme Court, cannot be taken to more important than matters of public policy and national security. However, when the acts constitute violations of the Constitution and infringe upon the constitutionally guaranteed rights of individuals, the Constitution must be understood to prevail.

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

Philosophy of artificial intelligence State and explain Lucass argument against the possibility of AI. what do you think is the best reply to Lucas argument? GÃ ¶del suggested that the mind was a computerised mechanism. He suggested that the mind was merely a formulation of logic that was associated with a system and structure of language as representative of the world. This implied that intelligence was a learning process that was based upon accepting and rejecting hypothesis about the world through a set of formula that was deemed either provable or un-provable within the system of logic (GÃ ¶del, 1934). This idea was backed up by cognitive research based upon the human capacity and nature of learning. Bruner et al, devised a test to see how it was the human mind constructed categories of logic, believing it to be by way of GÃ ¶del’s hypothesis acceptance and rejection (Bruner et al, 1956). He used a variety of shapes in a variety of conditions some sharing the same number of shapes, some sharing the same colour of shapes and some sharing the same number of borders surrounding the shapes. From the results of his experiment, B runer claimed that ther were two forms of learning that were apparent. These were regarded as successive scanning, which entertained one hypothesis at a time and conservative scanning, which sought to eliminate classes of hypotheses such as border, number of shapes and colour similarity and dissimilarity (Bruner et al, 1956). This growing belief in the mind as a mathematic translator of the meaning of experience provided the foundation for Turing who surmised that artificial intelligence was a form of intelligence that could learn according to the coded principles of mathematic equations and could be understood as mimicry of human behaviour. He subsequently suggested that responses through a rejection and acceptance of truths that accords to the conceptual framework were all that the human mind consisted of. This idea of the mind as a programmed agent, rejecting the truths of logical and mathematic equations was fundamental to GÃ ¶del. To GÃ ¶del, the structural reality that an in telligent being saw before i implied that Artificial intelligence could be created in accordance to that structure and that human life, or perhaps experiential living, was merely a reaction to certain stimuli based upon a structural code of predetermined logic just as it is with a computer simulation. Unhappy at this model of the cognitive mind or with the notion of intelligence as being founded upon formula and theorem, J.R. Lucas, argued that GÃ ¶dels theorem posed many problems in his view that the mind was like a computer. Speaking of the limitations that the quantitative artificial brain may encounter in terms of acceptance and un-acceptance of certain truths according to its programming, Lucas suggested that ‘All that GÃ ¶del has proved is that a mind cannot produce a formal proof of the consistency of a formal system inside the system itself: but there is no objection to going outside the system and no objection to producing informal arguments for the consistency either of a formal system or of something less formal and less systematized. Such informal arguments will not be able to be completely formalized: but then the whole tenor of GÃ ¶dels results is that we ought not to ask, and cannot obtain, complete formalization.’ (Lucas, 1961) Rationale was provided for Lucas’s approach with the development of the Chinese room experiment by Searle. Searle indicated that even though an artificial intelligence could recognise, incorporate and subsequently mimic the external behaviours required to appear human (or emotionally intelligent) that this did not necessarily indicate any evidence of an awareness of what this behaviour meant or symbolised to other humans in essence, it did not understand the true human meaning. He used the example of an English speaking human going inside the mechanical mind of a robot and using certain symbols as a coded ’representative’ for the instruction of an unknown language i.e. Chinese (Searle, 1980). He then indicated that although the human had a form of code to illicit a response to the language of Chinese he did not actually know what the meaning or significance of what he was doing related to. Essentially, it was simply a response according toa pre programmed code. Following this criticisms of artificial intelligence as a mechanical process involving a pre programmed innate knowledge of the environment and of human behaviour which had led to Searle‘s Chinese room experiment, Lucas reasoned that, ‘Complexity often does introduce qualitative differences. Although it sounds implausible, it might turn out that above a certain level of complexity, a machine ceased to be predictable, even in principle, and started doing things on its own account, or, to use a very revealing phrase, it might begin to have a mind of its own. It might begin to have a mind of its own. It would begin to have a mind of its own when it was no longer entirely predictable and entirely docile, but was capable of doing things which we recognized as intelligent, and not just mistakes or random shots, but which we had not programmed into it.’ (Lucas, 1961) This seems to define what is human and what is machine. For Lucas, he does not dispute the theoretical idea that artificial intelligence can become as like humans. However, he does make the distinction between a mechanical automaton and an autonomous mind that thinks free of systematic code that perceives experience through an acceptance of logical truths and rejection of unfounded abstraction. Bringing into context the notion of the human mind as being a determinant for the structure of knowledge rather than a logical interpreter of that knowledge, Lucas reasoned that if, unlike Turing had suggested, a mechanical mind could begin to think free of it‘s programmed code then, ‘It would cease to be a machine, within the meaning of the act. What is at stake in the mechanist debate is not how minds are, or might be, brought into being, but how they operate. It is essential for the mechanist thesis that the mechanical model of the mind shall operate according to mechanical principles, that is, that we can understand the operation of the whole in terms of the operations of its parts, and the operation of each part either shall be determined by its initial state and the construction of the machine, or shall be a random choice between a determinate number of determinate operations’ (Lucas, 1961) However, although his argument backed up by Searle’s Chinese room experiment gave reasonable rationale for a rejection of a mechanical intelligence based upon the ability of the subject to see outside of a logical structure, which was not necessarily pre determined or pre programmed, it did accord to the sentimental notion of liberal humanity. In reaction to this notion French philosopher Jean Baudrillard noted some crucial factors in the reality of humanities cultural condition that could be seen as contradicting this liberal freedom that Lucas prescribed. Suggesting that the current moral reality that figured as so crucial to Lucas’ rationale, was being replaced by ‘a hedonistic morality of pure satisfaction, like a new state of nature at the heart of hyper civilisation’ Baudrillard prescribed the notion of the hyper real as being a simulation that was beyond that of a logical code that applied to a structure of knowledge and instead deterred from idelogi cal frameworks that informed a notion of liberal humanity (Baudrillard, 1968, p.3). He suggested that, ‘A whole imagery based on contact, a sensory mimicry and a tactile mysticism, basically ecology in its entirety, comes to be grafted on to this universe of operational simulation, multi-stimulation and multi response. This incessant test of successful adaptation is naturalised by assimilating it to animal mimicry. , and even to the Indians with their innate sense of ecology tropisms, mimicry, and empathy: the ecological evangelism of open systems, with positive or negative feedback, will be engulfed in this breach, with an ideology of regulation with information that is only an avatar, in accordance of a more flexible patter.’ (Baudrillard, 1976, p.9) However, what Baudrillard does is implement the idea of a simulated code that works by replacing the notion of humanistic ideology that once informed the gap sophisticated and complex gap between the subject and the environment, such as social exchange and communal ideas. By doing this Baudrillard then shows gave example of how this simulated code informed a new humanity and shaped intelligence to be un-conformist to a life according to the meaning supported by the notion of humanity, but instead created an imaginary life that was understood and identified with by its relationship to the values apparent within an external code being communed essentially, placing life itself as a simulated relationship of the subject and his / her own choice of object. This meant that essentially the human emphasis on the mysteries of the human mind emphasised by Lucas were just as questionable and as determinist as the artificial intelligence that GÃ ¶del prescribed. This can be seen as the fundame ntaly crucial contemporary reply to Lucas’ argument for artificial intelligence. Bibliography Baudrillard, J., (1976) Symbolic Exchange and Death Taken from: The Order of Simulacra (1993) London: Sage. Bruner, J, S., Goodnow, J, J., and Austin, G, A., (1956) A Study of Thinking New York: John Wiley and Sons. GÃ ¶del (1934) Original Proof Applies Taken from his Lectures at the Institute of Advanced Study, New Jersey: Princeton. Lucas, J, R., (1961) Minds, Machines, and Godel Philosophy, 36, 112-127. Searle, J, R,. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 3, (3), 417-457. Turing, A, M., (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Mind, pp. 433-60, reprinted in The World of Mathematics, edited by James R. Newmann, pp. 2099-2123.

Distillation Essay -- essays papers

Distillation Abstract This report outlines the steps taken to separate a 50:50 by volume ethanol and isopropanol side stream. The resulting separation must contain no more than 3% alcohol impurity in each product. A laboratory column, run at total reflux, was utilized to scale up to a forty foot high by one foot diameter column. The laboratory column allowed the team to determine vapor velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 inch Pro-Pakq packing. HETP is defined as the height of packing divided by the number of theoretical column stages. The column consisted of four main sections: packing, controls, a reboiler, and a condenser. To complete the vapor velocity vs. HETP relationship, the vapor velocity must be found. The vapor velocity was found using a system energy balance. The design vapor velocity was determined to be 4.85 ft/hr. However, this vapor velocity did not result in the column flooding; therefore the scaled-up column is not designed to its full potential. Ideally, distillation columns should be designed at 70-80% of the flooding velocity. The column HETP was found by use of the Fenske equation and was determined to be an average of 4.55 inches. As a result of the design parameters from the experimental column, the following design is proposed: the column will run at a vapor velocity of 4.85 ft/hr and will have a HETP of 4.30 inches. This will result in a packing height of 38.7 feet. The reboiler will have an area of 113.52 ft2 and the area of the condenser will have a value of 45.54 ft2 in which heat exchange will take place. Introduction A chemical plant spends approximately 50 to 90% of capital investment on separation equipment (1,1) Therefore, the ability to utilize a small laboratory column and to scale-up a column is an important skill for a chemical engineer. This report will outline the steps taken to design a packed distillation column. The column needs to separate a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and isopropanol into a distillate stream containing no more than 3 wt% isopropanol and a bottoms stream containing no more than 3 wt% ethanol. The design of the full-scale column was based on a laboratory simulation column. This column allowed the team to determine vapor velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 inch Pro-Pakq packing. Once the simulation vapor velocities are determined, they can ... .../hr)/*(1/0.0154 kmol/L)*(1/(p(.25)2ft2)*(0.0159 kmol/L) (p(1)2(ft)) = 6.857567 kmol/hr MWAVG,D = 46.493 kg/kmol VD = (6.857567 kmol/hr) * (46.493 kg/kmol) VD = 318.82886 kg/hr *Equation of Top Operating Line y = (L/V)x + (1-(L/V))xD = (RACT / RACT +1)x + (1/ RACT +1)(0.97) = 0.912779x + 0.084605 *Distillate Rate R = (V-D)/D = 10.4651 318.82886 (kg/hr) - D = 10.4651D D = 27.808642 (kg/hr) R = L/D = 10.4651 * 27.808642 (kg/hr) = L L = 291.02022 (kg/hr) *Bottoms Flow Rate L/V = R (z -xB) + q (xD - xB) R(z -xB) + q(xD-xB) -(xD-z) z= Feed mole fraction of ethanol q= 1 (feed assumes to be liquid) L/V = 10.4651(0.567-0.03) + 1(0.97-0.03) 10.4651(0.567-0.03) + 1(0.97-0.03) -(0.97-0.567) L/V = 1.05 L/V = (VB + 1)/ VB = 1.05 VB = 20 B = V/ VB = (318.82886 kg/hr)/20 = 15.941443 (kg/hr) *Feed Flow Rate F = D + B = 15.941443 (kg/hr) + 318.82886 (kg/hr) = 334.7703 kg/hr *Bottom Operating Line y = (L/V)x - ((L/V)-1) xB = 1.05x - 0.0015 * Condenser Heat Duty QCOND = V * DHVAP DHVAP = xETOH * DHVAP,ETOH + xISOP * DHVAP,ISOP QCOND =

Storm & Calm in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights :: Wuthering Heights Essays

Wuthering Heights:  Ã‚   Storm & Calm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The theme of Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte, is a universe of opposing forces-storm and calm.   Wuthering Heights, the land of storm, is a sturdy house that is set up high on the windy moors, belonging to the Earnshaw family.   The house is highly charged with emotion of hatred, cruelty, violence, and savage love.   In comparison, Thrushcross Grange, the land of calm, is settled in the valley and is the residence of the genteel Lintons.   The same differences exists between Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, as they do in Heathcliff and Edgar.   As Catherine points out, the contrast between the two â€Å"resembled what you see in exchanging a bleak, hilly,   coal country, for a beautiful fertile valley.†Ã‚   (Bronte 72)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Lintons, and the social and material advantages they stand for become Heathcliff’s rivals for Catherine’s love, which leads directly   to the central conflict of the novel.   Heathcliff despises them at first sight for their weakness, but Catherine, being an extremely proud girl, is tempted.   A lovers’ triangle begins   to take definite shape   when the aristocratic Edgar Linton falls in love with Catherine, upsetting the balance between the relationship of Catherine and Heathcliff.   Edgar’s love for Catherine is sincere, but the element of great passion which is strongly characterized does not compare to Heathcliff’s love.   The difference between Catherine’s feeling for Heathcliff and the one she feels for Linton is that Heathcliff is a part of her nature, while Edgar is only a part of   her superficial love.   â€Å"For he (Heathcliff),   like her, is a child of storm; and this makes a bond between them, which interweaves itself with the very nature of their existence.†Ã‚   (Cecil 26)   Emily Bronte makes a point in the novel to mention the fact that Catherine’s affection for Heathcliff remains unchanged in spite of the Lintons’ influence over her. As Catherine confesses to Nelly that Heathcliff and her share the same soul, and also declares â€Å"I am   Heathcliff.† (Bronte 84)   Her pride, yearning for the world of the Lintons, has gotten the better of her natural inclination, and she knows she   has made the wrong decision by   marrying Edgar.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Catherine, naturally a child of storm, is unable to develop at Thrushcross Grange, while she is married to Edgar.   Her mind becomes disturbed, which is the first sign of her degeneration.   The pragmatic reality at the Grange cannot fill the void that she has made for herself in leaving her furious childhood environment.

The Lorax 2

The Lorax Sequel By Georgia and Maddie â€Å"So†¦Catch! † calls the once-ler He lets something fall It’s a truffula seed It’s the last one of all You’re in charge of the last of the truffula seeds And truffula trees are what everyone needs Plant a new truffula, treat it with care Give it clean water and feed it fresh air Grow a forest protect it from axes that hack Then the lorax And all of his friends May come back. † So off ted went with the seed in his hand An idea in his head, and no greed in his planHe left for a place where the sky is blue With a small patch of sunlight That leaves the green grass new The clouds that filled the sky were a crisp white A place where the Swomee-Swans could take flight And the humming fish hummed in the rippulous pond While the Brown Bar- ba- loots played And sung in the shade â€Å"Excuse me! Excuse me! ‘Ted cried out ‘I need your help without a single doubt, To plant this Truffula seed to help i t grow We can work together its essential you knowWe could live in peace and learn to keep a balance Between the Truffula trees but also the Thneeds! I am a man of my word and a man of my deeds So let me help you and speak for the trees! ’ Slowly but surely the brown Bar-ba-loots peeked Out at this Ted that had made a loud squeak The humming fish glanced as the Swomee- Swans shrieked; ‘We’ll help you dear Ted plant your little Truffula seed! ’ As the Truffula tree slowly grew, More and more animals returned tooTo help little Ted and his crew Mature a forest creating a new world for me and you So let the word know, call them in We’ll live all together as kin In little huts up in those truffula tufts Where thneeds are still made And no trees will be slayed By taking those tufts a little And using nothing but whittle Leaving the tufts to restore In their glory and awe To create a balance that no one can flaw Up in the clouds The lorax did grin The plac e we created that is our greatest win